Bridging India’s urban–rural financial divide in the digital era

A farmer’s wife in rural Bihar today can receive a government transfer directly into her bank account, pay the village kirana store with a QR code, and repay a small loan without stepping into a bank branch. On paper, this is one of the most remarkable financial transformations the world has seen. Yet ask her whether she trusts the app on her phone with her savings, whether she fully understood the terms she consented to with a thumbprint, or whom she would approach if money vanished from her ac